Beer Marketer's Insights

Beer Marketer's Insights

Alliance between Anheuser-Busch InBev and Tilray dubbed Fluent Beverages will make its debut in Canada next week with CBD tea brand called Everie as curtain rises on legalized sales, Bloomberg reported. New line will kick off in recipes that are 98% pure CBD with only 0.05 mg of psychoactive THC, news service said, in Lavender Chamomile, Vanilla Rooibos and Peach Ginger Green flavors. For now, ABI doesn’t plan to move into THC-infused bevs nor will it be selling the Everie CBD drinks in US until regs open up, said Kyle Norrington, prexy of ABI’s Labatt Breweries of Canada unit. Next up will be non-alc sparkling CBD bevs, due early next year.

“Cola meet coffee,” as slogan has it. Straying outside its durable Starbucks alliance to further participate in burgeoning coffee segment, PepsiCo in Apr will launch cola/coffee hybrid called Pepsi Café with double the caffeine of its core cola. Brand will debut in 12-oz slim cans in Original and Vanilla flavors. It represents a reprise of unsuccessful experiment undertaken in 1996 under Pepsi Kona brand name, before category-blurring entries were a fixture of retail landscape. New brand seeks to meet consumers’ “needs of energy, indulgence and refreshment during that afternoon pick-me-up occasion,” in words of Pepsi marketing vp Todd Kaplan. PEP seems to have been keeping this launch close to vest, with no overt signs of entry amid welter of new stuff at recent NACS c-store expo (BBI, Oct 3). Archrival Coca-Cola has been playing similar hand overseas with Coke Plus Coffee, which seems headed to US soon, too.

Setting stage for sprint toward $100 mil in sales over next coupla years, Kitu Life Super Coffee has recruited trio of well-seasoned vp’s specializing in marketing, sales and insights even as it’s inked alliance with Jay-Z’s Roc Nation entertainment agency to up its sports-activation game.  Tho Roc boasts artist roster with likes of Big Sean, Coheed & Cambria, Jaden Smith and DJ Khaled as well as athletes like CC Sabathia, Kyrie Irving and Jalen Rose, this is first time it’s partnered with consumer brand, noted Kitu Life ceo Jim DeCicco, who runs functional coffee brand with his 2 brothers Jake and Jordan.  Jim said Kitu Life anticipates closing 2019 with $27 mil in sales and is laying groundwork now for aggressive 2020 target of $75 mil on way to becoming $100 mil brand a bit beyond that.  From payroll of 15 a year ago, NY-based brand now numbers 75 employees.

Newly aboard as vp marketing is Under Armour vet Tori Hanna, who played on Univ of Maryland’s championship women’s lacrosse team and interned at sports apparel marketer at outset of what proved to be 18-yr run there, most recently as sr dir of global sports marketing in run & train category.  She’ll manage new Roc Nation alliance, from sports to Grammy’s, as well as planned Olympics activation next year, role she played at Under Armour a decade ago, her LinkedIn profile indicates.

Also aboard as vp of national accts is Lauren Davidson, Nielsen vet who most recently had 5-year run in multiple sales roles at natural snack brand Popchips.  She’ll work closely with Jake, who manages sales and DSD recruitment efforts.  And in as vp for digital insights is Carl Ekman, also a Nielsen vet who more recently served in several roles at Campbell Soup’s Pepperidge Farm snack unit and then dir of shopper insights & category mgmt at baby food marketer Happy Family Brands.

As cannabis segment gradually moves toward mainstream, experts have been urging THC players moving thru dispensaries to adopt more of trappings of conventional CPG, devoting requisite attention to notions like coherent branding and retail merchandising.  Like invasive gypsy moths stowing aboard cargo ships, practice of demanding retail slotting fees seems to be along for the ride, to displeasure of some segment participants, as coupla panels at last Fri’s Cannabis Forum suggested. 

At BevNet event in Santa Monica, coupla speakers noted that pay-for-placement tactic already has become an established feature of dispensary channel.  Zola founder Chris Cuvelier, now managing bev buildout for acquirer Caliva, said slotting is a fact of life in dispensaries and there’s no reason to expect that conventional retailers will prove any different as big chains begin to play in that biz, too.  “In the mainstream market we’re not seeing it yet because it’s mainly independents, but I’m sure that’s coming as well,” he told BevNet audience.  Since Caliva also operates its own dispensary, it’s on both paying and receiving ends of arrangement, Chris pointed out.

Later that day, offering view from “both sides of the counter,” per title of his presentation, NUG founder Dr John Oram was more critical of practice, which he decried for slipping into still-ramshackle system that hasn’t yet moved to consistent planning or post-distribution sales support and education.  So retailers too often are focused on short-term sales, constant bogo’s, getting the cheapest wholesale price and asking for slotting fees “just because.”  When NUG challenges practice, buyers respond that they need to show the boss they’re bringing in revenue.  “They don’t understand that the highest-paying brand may not be the one that sells through,” he said.  That approach leaves almost no focus on merchandising or co-marketing, making brand loyalty very hard to establish.

Over past year, NUG itself has become retail player, first with dispensary in Sacramento, more recently with unit in San Leandro and with 3 more under construction.  He said he’s trying to fight tide via alternative approach, experimenting with different merchandising strategies (say, via displays organized by category or brand) with suppliers who’re not charged slotting.  Aim is to steer away from slotting practice and devote resources to more productive co-marketing programs instead, via text-message, Instagram or other mechanisms, with view to building profitable brands and traffic.

Sparkling tonic with European flair called Corsa that was devised by “recovering accountant” in LA got judges’ nod as winner of BevNet Live Showdown, besting 5 rival finalists that perhaps didn’t carry their functional intentions quite as lightly. “It’s a clever brand, it is focused, and they kept their messaging simple and refreshing,” applauded judge Ken Sadowsky, who serves as investment scout for Verlinvest family office, among numerous other roles in bevs. But Zico Coconut Water founder and PowerPlant Ventures partner Mark Rampolla told BevNet that Corsa likely should decide whether it wants to be botanical drink or sweet indulgence so it can simplify message to retailers and consumers. We’d profiled the 6 yesterday (BBI, Dec 10). Among notable past winners of Showdown have been Health-Ade Kombucha and HopTea hop-infused teas.

BevNet Live just another gabfest?  Certainly not in case of CBD bev panel assembled for this year’s event: trio of rivals invited to participate have gone a step further and decided to join forces via informal consortium that will lobby for greater regulatory clarity.  The trio – Ben Witte of Recess, Jonathan Eppers of Vybes and Joey Cannata of Daytrip – indicated they plan to invite other CBD players to join effort, which may pool members’ resources to produce white paper that clarifies safety issues, just as energy segment did in 2013 when Congress was holding hearings about possible dangers of caffeine and energy drinks, as former Rockstar exec Cannata recalled.

They disclosed move in lively panel in which they put better face on recent FDA moves that some had seen as presaging tough view on CBD, as agency indicated it’s not inclined to regard CBD as “generally recognized as safe” (BBI, Nov 26).  Reaction was “a little bit overblown,” said Recess founder Ben Witte.  As important was what was not said, he pointed out.  As for warning letters that agency simultaneously sent out to 15 cos, if FDA “really wanted to slow down the category, it would have sent us letters who’re here on stage but didn’t; it only sent letters to the worst actors in the space.”  So he’s not unduly alarmed, and still anticipates receiving greater regulatory clarity “some time next year.”  Added Cannata: “It comes down to bad actors,” noting that one of warning letter recipients “encourages you to use it for infants and children.”  He also praised his rival at Vybes, Eppers, for posting all his certificates of analysis (CofAs) online where consumers can view them, indicating that’s practice that responsible players can be expected to emulate.

Tho Witte and Eppers are new to bev space, Cannata brings benefit of 16 years’ experience as member of founding team of Rockstar Energy (not to mention having longstanding tie to Calif gov Gavin Newsom, for whom he ran early election campaign prior to joining Rockstar).  Perspective gained at Rockstar has enabled him to be patient amid current regulatory unrest, recalling similar controversy over taurine ingredient in Canada in early days that caused major chains like Couche-Tard to stay on sidelines, just as big retailers are today with CBD.  Eventually, determination that taurine doesn’t represent any danger to consumers “opened the floodgates” and leader Red Bull was everywhere at retail within 3 months.  “I feel the same thing will happen with CBD,” he said, particularly as political pressures to assist farmers hit by trade war build.  “In Oregon you see hemp fields dying because there’s not enough demand,” he observed.

At another point, Cannata noted that even in its nascent stage the energy segment once was dauntingly crowded with competitors just like CBD is today.  At first NACS show at which segment emerged, 40-50 had booths, at time there were couple hundred brands in market.  So it’s question of “just being patient, waiting for things to fall into place,” while staying focused on brand and message and putting together best team.

Meanwhile, even tho CBD is sidelined from national retailers, interest and awareness are “off the charts,” Witte noted.  So once coast is clear, every retailer will be carrying CBD brands within 2 months – and not in obscure parts of store, but right in prominent endcaps.

Some other observations from panel yesterday:  

CBD likely won’t be exception to big players’ innovation challenges   “No offense” to likes of Coke, Pepsi, Budweiser and Diageo, “but a lot of their growth over the years has come from M&A activity, I can’t think of many brands created from scratch,” said Daytrip’s Cannata.  Most of their successful new entries have come via acquisition route, “not from the ground up.”  (BBI editor made similar observation in BevNet magazine column last spring.   

CBD may not be center of marketing focus   Recess’ Witte is among cannabis execs who’s consistently argued that CBD is only getting the emphasis it currently receives because of its novelty and regulatory situation.  In the longer run, “my thesis is CBD is no more interesting than caffeine or whey protein . . . Fundamentally, I don’t think the consumer wants to hear 50 facts about hemp all day.”  So it’s question of devising right applications and formulations, then building brand on top of it, as Witte is doing at Recess by building content machine that serves creative types.  That’s what happened in energy (notably at Witte’s model, Red Bull), and “we don’t call it the caffeine category, we call it the energy category.”

 CSD volume rose 0.7% on avg price increase of 2.6% for 4 wks thru Nov 30 in Nielsen all-channel data reported by Morgan Stanley’s Dara Mohsenian.  In 4-wk period running thru Sat of Thanksgiving weekend, Coca-Cola volume gain was halved to +1.2% as its avg price increase doubled to solid +3.6% for 4 wks.  KO’s full-calorie brands’ volume increased 0.9% while its diet brands gained 1.7% during that period.  PepsiCo CSD volume sank 1.3% (vs -2.9% for 12 wks) on a more modest avg price gain of +1.2% for 4 wks.  PEP’s full-calorie brands were off 2.7% while its diet CSDs picked up 2.3% for 4 wks.  Keurig Dr Pepper CSDs posted better gains than larger rivals last 4 wks in all-channel.  KDP volume improved from +0.4% to +2.4% with avg price gain of 2.7%.  KDP’s diet brands led way with 4.4% gain while full-cal brands gained 1.9% last 4 wks. 

Energy Volume Up on Lower Pricing  Energy drink volume gain improved to +7.7% (up from +6.2% for 12 wks) as avg prices were up just 1% (vs +2.7% for 12 wks) over last 4 wks.  With its avg price increase substantially lower (to +0.4% vs +3.2% for 12 wks), Monster Energy volume increased 4.4% last 4 wks in all-channel.  “Reign added ~760 bps to MNST sales growth in the four-week period reaching ACV of 78.3% in the last week,” noted Dara, referring to co’s Bang fighter.  Reign at just about 90% ACV in gas & convenience.  Red Bull volume was up solid 5.4% with avg price gain of just 0.7% for 4 wks.  Bang continued to post big numbers.  Volume shot up 106% (a deceleration from +128.5% for 12 wks) with lift from small (-0.6%) avg price decrease for 4 wks.  Bang market share was at 7.4% in the last week in all-channel, down a half share vs prior 4-wk period, per Dara.  Rockstar volume dropped 8% on avg price decrease of 1.1% last 4 wks.  PepsiCo energy brands improved from flat to +3.6% on avg price gain of 1.3% for 4 wks.  

Body Armor Drivin’ Sports Gains; Gatorade Improves   Sports drink volume gain accelerated to +9.9% (up from +7.8% for 12 wks) while avg prices were up solid 3.7% for 4 wks.  PEP’s Gatorade volume gain improved to +7.7% (vs +5.8% for 12 wks) on 2.1% avg price increase last 4 wks.  KO’s Powerade volume gain was 1.8% with assist from avg price cut of 4.4% for 4 wks.  Powerade’s stablemate Body Armor enjoyed acceleration of volume gain to +85% (up from +80% for 12 wks) as its avg price decrease went a bit deeper to -3.9% last 4 wks.

Water on the Rise  Bottled water volume gain improved several percentage points to +6.8% for 4 wks on small avg price decrease of 0.7% in all-channel.  Nestle waters slowed its decline to -1.1% last 4 wks even as its avg price increase edged higher to +1.2%.  Coca-Cola water volume improved to +3.5% (up from +0.3% for 12 wks) with avg price gain of 1.7% for 4 wks.  PepsiCo avg price increase for its waters was down from +5.2% for 12 wks to +2.3% for 4 wks, which helped volume swing up from 4% drop to 0.5% gain.  Private-label waters, just under one-third of segment $$, had an 11% volume gain on avg price decrease of 1.3% for 4 wks.

 Mushrooms, adaptogenics and sparkling tea – but not CBD – were at the heart of finalist entries in BevNet Live Showdown, with winner to be announced later today.  Competition is sponsored by Coca-Cola’s VEB incubation unit which offers $10K in ad value to winner.  Here are thumbnails on those who made the cut via vote of judges and attendees yesterday.

Shroomi Mushroom Shots Focus on Mental Health   Playing on growing interest in adaptogenic mushrooms, Shroomi offers 2-oz shots to create a brand centered around mental health, said founder Taylor Jarvis Gargon, who cited jolt he got when he realized on Father’s Day that his father had tried to take his own life.  So shroom varieties like chaga, cordyceps and lion’s mane are harnessed to superfruits like yuzu in “east meets west” recipes.  Items lean on array of evidence from clinical studies that medicinal mushrooms can boost immune system, prevent viral infections, etc.  Hard from info on small package to tell about mental health connection, offered BevNet cmo Mike Schneider, but Interact creative partner Fred Hart was “blown away by the taste,” tho he wondered whether it might be wiser not to lean on mushroom identity so much and use different “Trojan horse” to pique shoppers’ interest. “There are not a lot of beverage propositions out there to support mental health,” said VEB’s Bill Ford. 

Heywell Boosts ‘Wellness Journey’   Heywell is functional line packed in 12-oz slim can that was devised by pair of entrepreneurs named Britt Dougherty and Ashley Selman who claim combined 25 years working in bev biz and finding it difficult to stay on their “wellness journeys,” as one put it.  (Britt spent a decade doing insights & engagement for Miller Coors while Ashley had 16-year run at Coors and then Miller Coors, per their LinkedIn profiles.)  The drinks meld organic caffeine with herbs and other functional ingredients in trio of initial flavors that balance sweet and tart notes:  Energy + Focus (Strawberry Lemon), Calm + Restore (Blackberry Ginger) and Energy + Immunity (Grapefruit).  Slide showed placements at cutting-edge Chicago retailers like Goddess & Grocer, Olivia’s Market and Foxtrot Market.  While Chebotarev worried that it seems like “another me-too product,” Schneider argued that “me-tooness” can be a good thing in educating shoppers about ingredients and functions.  Price of $3.99 might be “a bit challenging,” said Verlinvest sr advisor Ken Sadowsky.  Julie Terrazzino, sr category mgr for bevs at broadline distributor KeHe, liked interesting, calming package palette.

Corsa Botanical Tonic Puts Users on Health Journey   Created by “recovering accountant” Matt Kornberg as chief botanical officer, Corsa Botanical Tonic offers plant-based European-style sparklers in glass bottle that attempt to serve as “vacation in a bottle.”  Employing brand name that means “journey” in Italian, line started with trio of flavors: Kola, Spritz (Dolce Vita-inspired) and Cays (Caribbean spice), all meant to be “beautiful and transporting drinks.”  Each flavor contains at least 10 botanical extracts.  Brand has started gradually, hitting just 30 accts across LA so far including Erewhon, Equinox and Soho House.  It’s in discussions with Whole Foods.  SRP is $3.69.  It’s been recruiting talent bringing experience at Purity Organic, Ugly, Torii Labs and Soho House.  “Extraordinary” liquid, said BevNet’s Schneider while Interact’s Fred Hart said he “loved the taste, each one very unique, the branding is great, very aspirational.”  “The brand is cool,” said Cambridge Capital’s Polina Chebotarev.

Sofee Beverage Is Sparkling Coffee from ‘Craft Beer Nerd and Coffee Snob’   Sofee Beverage founder Chad Hazen describes himself as “craft beer nerd and coffee snob.”  Sofee reflects that as 12-oz canned carbonated “coffee for the curious” from home-brewer and home coffee roaster.  It’s all-natural, infused with CO2 rather than nitrogen and sweetened with agave nectar and monk fruit.  It offers a 6-month shelf life.  Initial entries are The Purist, the Hedonist (orange mocha) and The Masochist (highly caffeinated), with an oatmilk latte also on the way.  Gelson’s will carry in all stores and Tullamore Irish Whiskey has been lined up as on-premise cocktail partner.  VEB’s Bill Ford said “formulation is great, label really chic, minimalist” with “fanciful, playful” flavor names, but PowerPlant principal Mark Rampolla said he’s not quite convinced it’s going to resonate.

Dr Scobii Water Kefir Sparkling Probiotic Tonic Aims to ‘Supercharge Your Day’    New entry in what seems to be burgeoning water kefir segment goes out under name Dr Scobii in 12-oz glass bottle that can help “supercharge your day!”  It’s out in Sea Buckthorn, Blackcurrant, Coconut and Pineapple flavors, with flavor profile more like soda than kombucha.  A “probiotic for everyone,” is how it’s pitched.  It’s in Erewhon chain in LA and Down to Earth in Hawaii.  BevNet cmo cited “extraordinary” taste but thought those were “pretty longtail flavors” with more accessible flavors maybe warranted.  And “I don’t like the name because a SCOBY is what you use to make kombucha,” not a water kefir.  BevNet founder John Craven worried that rival product from kombucha leader GT’s with lighter taste profile is potent threat.

Spritz Sparkling Tea Aims to Empower Women    Sparkling tea segment keeps drawing new entrants, with BevNet Showdown competitor Spritz seeking role of empowering women.  The canned entry Spritz aims to be “go-to drink for health-conscious women throughout their day,” said founder Kathryn Dougherty, a former strategic marketing exec at Johnson & Johnson.  It’s “softly sparkling” entry with “more than an essence with elements of fruit, sweet and tea” and zero sugar or calories.  SRP is $2.99 and 1% of net revenue goes to women’s empowerment orgs.  Brand is based in Columbus, Ohio, had its inaugural run last week and is starting locally, then moving out thru Midwest.  “Would have liked to have a little bit more of a tea payoff,” said VEB’s Kellam Mattie, “very much like a White Claw non-alcoholic option.”  Offered KeHe’s Julie Terrazzino:  “There’s a lot of people moving away from soda into beverages like this,” tho she too expected more of a tea flavor. 

“We are 18 months in and it feels more like KDP than it does Keurig or Dr Pepper,” said Derek Hopkins, chief commercial officer of KDP during interview with Beverage-Digest exec editor Duane Stanford at Future Smarts conference in NY yesterday.  There were certainly plenty of skeptics when cos struck deal in Jul 2018.  “People are skeptical until you actually deliver,” said Derek, and “if you look back at the past year” you could say KDP delivered.  KDP gained or maintained share in every category it competes in, while pulling together an organization with 25K employees.  “As you deliver and perform, the skepticism goes away,” he added.  Part of that massive integration was losing some key allied brand partners, including red-hot Body Armor.  Derek didn’t focus on what-if’s.  “The way we look at it is, the partnerships have to be mutually beneficial,” said Derek, and added it’s “important to look at what we did” in response, such as buying Core, bringing in brands like A-Shoc, Forto, Peet’s, among others.

Asked if KDP has want or need to take over more of its distribution going forward, Derek responded, “we are in a very good place” with dist partners. He cited growth of Dr Pepper share over past few years, and while crediting “some very good marketing” with its college programs, he flagged brands’ “distribution partners” as other key reason for gains.  “It’s a profitable brand for them” and KDP is “very happy where we are.”  What about need to invest in refrigerated distribution over next 5 yrs or so?  “For us, there is still so much space in shelf-stable” and “that’s where our focus is,” replied Derek.  He noted KDP will keep an eye on it, and if opportunity or need arises, they “will certainly invest.”

Keurig Connect The Dots  Derek shared some thoughts on Keurig Connect brewing machines that are connected to Internet and give KDP and its coffee partners tons of data to mine.  So far machines are in about 13-14,000 homes.  “We understand exactly what brand they’re brewing, the time of day, the size” and other customizations consumers select, said Derek.  “We take that data, and it’s really the first in-home consumption data that exists for a CPG company,” which KDP then compares with IRI household data “and provides that overlay to our coffee partners.”  So far, they have “gotten tremendous amount of insights out of that.”

  “I think we’ve made real progress,” said Coca-Cola chmn/ceo James Quincey when asked about his goal to push KO to become more of a total bevco at Beverage-Digest’s Future Smarts conference in NY yesterday.  “Yes, I’m pleased.  Coke is accelerating its momentum and yes, I think we are making some progress with the rest of the portfolio,” he added.  KO will be cautious as it extends Coke brand into other categories.  “It’s not anything-goes,” he told BD exec editor Duane Stanford.  “Whatever the idea is, it needs to be coherent for the core brand idea of Coca-Cola.”  Did KO wait too long to launch its soon-to-be-released Aha sparkling water?  “Yes and no,” responded James.  “The answer is yes” in terms of mainstream sparkling in US, but he reminded that with brand like Topo Chico, the co has already had a play in segment.  “I hope it’s fantastically successful and we do well,” he added about Aha’s coming launch. 

In another move beyond CSDs, James was asked why KO is a global leader in RTD coffee but has not had same traction so far in US.  “In the US, we have not necessarily had the right portfolio of products,” was his response.  (Recall, KO has tried over the years under brands like Planet Java, Illy, Dunkin’, McCafe and Monster.)   “The reality is the RTD market (for coffee) is tiny globally, and we are a leader because we lead in Japan,” where segment is of disproportionate size, noted James.  The RTD segment “is going to keep growing,” so KO is trying again via investment in UK’s Costa brand.  For US, James reiterated that he’s sticking to prior statements that Coke won’t be opening Costa cafes here.  “I don’t see the case for building freestanding coffee shops as the next thing to do, or the thing after that.”  Rather, he expressed the greater value for Costa expansion is moving it into grocery and KO’s large foodservice segment globally.

Complicated relationships?   Coca-Cola’s relationships with its Latin American partner Femsa, and its energy segment partner Monster Energy are just fine, James assured Future Smarts audience when pressed.  “We have a great relationship” with Femsa, he said, noting both cos just celebrated 25 yrs of their JV last yr, a deal that’s “created a tremendous amount of value for both partners.”  “Clearly,” Femsa is doing biz in mkts “that have been rough recently,” but James believes, “they have done a fantastic job on focusing on what needs to be done” to turn things around.  As for MNST, James shot down any idea of KO selling a non-Monster energy drink.  “I don’t see why.  I don’t see how it gets on the radar screen.”  If MNST were to move beyond energy segment with other brands, could they have a place in KO system?  “Never say never, we’ll cross each bridge as we get to it,” he responded. 

Sugar, Sweeteners and Plastic   Duane wondered if it would make sense for KO to start lowering sugar amounts in its full-calorie brands gradually as consumers seek out less sugar.  “We’ve experimented with all sorts of ways of approaching the question,” James responded.  “Yes we are out there experimenting,” while “the objective is grow the business” and reduce sugar footprint at same time.  Reminded of his own prediction from 4 yrs ago that the aspartame concerns would eventually go away, James pointed out from their perspective, the crisis has abated, given that “Diet Coke, which was declining quite quickly is now more or less stable” and Coke Zero Sugar “has accelerated to its fastest growth rate.”  Plastic was a front-&-center issue that ran thru many presentations yesterday, and when you talk plastics, “you have to be specific about which types of plastic you’re talking about” when addressing recycling issues.  PET is a high-value plastic with a low carbon footprint, but “the biggest gap today is collection” rates, which vary widely by country.  Over next couple of decades, “industries will have to reduce their carbon footprint and recycled PET bottles have a much lower carbon footprint than glass, virgin plastic or cans.”  There’s a “very strong role” for PET plastic going forward, “if we can organize ourselves to eliminate waste.”  Is there a pending bill out there that could speed the process?  “The key is to work out where you are in the world,” said James.  There are multiple, different models out there that actually do work.  All tend to work using the money in the scheme to drive the collection of the bottles rather than a subtle or not so subtle form of taxation, he noted.