BMI Archives Entry
Making good on promise to better disclose its spending related to obesity and other health-related issues, Coca-Cola posted list that indicates it spent $119 mil over past 5 years funding health and fitness research, including money funneled to lobbying groups like Amer Bev Assn, MediaPost reported. KO plans to update info every 6 months . . . Since Starbucks pulled out all the stops with its first Starbucks Reserve Roastery & Tasting Room in Seattle's Capitol Hill nab, coffee fans have been guessing what area might become site for 2d US roastery, which serves both as production source for co's burgeoning line of small-lot Reserve coffees and coffee-immersion experience for consumers. It's admittedly not much to go on, but we've heard from exuberant barista at SBUX location in Brooklyn that the borough's massive Industry City warehouse hub in Sunset Park nabe has gotten nod. Like Brooklyn Navy Yard before it, industrial complex lately has become haven for creative businesses, nurturing range of artisanal "makers" as well as startups involved in food items like popcorn and chocolate. Tho accessible by city's subway line, it's off beaten path for tourists and most Manhattanites, tho some surely would make trek. Starbucks rep said co has nothing to share yet on matter. If that is indeed the site, it's likely to disappoint Yelpers like one "Jim P," who praised complex for retaining "its edgy feel that has repelled the likes of Starbucks, etc. and has allowed for grassroots businesses and Mom and Pop stores to keep a foothold." Then again, with its prominently located Probat roasting units (whose operators are accessible to visiting public) and lines of high-end coffees, craft beer, wine and snacks, the Roastery is no cookie-cutter Starbucks store. SBUX ceo Howard Schultz has dubbed Roastery concept "the Willy Wonka of coffee" and promised a unit in Asia too next year.
Making good on promise to better disclose its spending related to obesity and other health-related issues, Coca-Cola posted list that indicates it spent $119 mil over past 5 years funding health and fitness research, including money funneled to lobbying groups like Amer Bev Assn, MediaPost reported. KO plans to update info every 6 months . . . Since Starbucks pulled out all the stops with its first Starbucks Reserve Roastery & Tasting Room in Seattle's Capitol Hill nab, coffee fans have been guessing what area might become site for 2d US roastery, which serves both as production source for co's burgeoning line of small-lot Reserve coffees and coffee-immersion experience for consumers. It's admittedly not much to go on, but we've heard from exuberant barista at SBUX location in Brooklyn that the borough's massive Industry City warehouse hub in Sunset Park nabe has gotten nod. Like Brooklyn Navy Yard before it, industrial complex lately has become haven for creative businesses, nurturing range of artisanal "makers" as well as startups involved in food items like popcorn and chocolate. Tho accessible by city's subway line, it's off beaten path for tourists and most Manhattanites, tho some surely would make trek. Starbucks rep said co has nothing to share yet on matter. If that is indeed the site, it's likely to disappoint Yelpers like one "Jim P," who praised complex for retaining "its edgy feel that has repelled the likes of Starbucks, etc. and has allowed for grassroots businesses and Mom and Pop stores to keep a foothold." Then again, with its prominently located Probat roasting units (whose operators are accessible to visiting public) and lines of high-end coffees, craft beer, wine and snacks, the Roastery is no cookie-cutter Starbucks store. SBUX ceo Howard Schultz has dubbed Roastery concept "the Willy Wonka of coffee" and promised a unit in Asia too next year.
It may not quite qualify yet as food/bev innovation hotspot, but Baltimore has been revving up its new-brand activity over the past coupla years. And a fair amount of that activity is clustered in Hampden nabe in north Baltimore, coupla miles north of downtown. That blue collar area, once was known mainly as setting for John Waters films, lately has become epicenter of hipster chic, even as Pepsi trucks rumble through its streets from big Honickman operation sited there. BBI editor made swing thru area last Wed afternoon, ahead of Expo East opening next morning, chatting with creators of B'More Organic yogurt-based smoothies, Wild Kombucha, Union Craft Brewing and Gundalow HPP juices (which isn't located in Hampden, tho owner was encountered hanging at B'More's offices). In Hampden, mix on food side includes likes of Salazon Chocolate and Mouth Party Caramel.
Already, some of brands are outgrowing their spaces there - small brand called Jukai Juice just consolidated in Glen Arm, Wild Kombucha producer Mobtown Fermentation is eyeing new spot just to south and Union Craft Brewing is already planning for likelihood that in coupla years it will bump up against limits of its 20-bbl system. "Big dilemma" for brand that's built identity on ties to that community, acknowledged Union cofounder Jon Zerivitz. Tho Jukai Juice has exited Hampden, that provided opportunity for Mobtown to expand its space within Jukai's former kitchen and juice bar, now a small restaurant. With encouraging officials and range of markets, "Baltimore is amazing for startups," said Gundalow founder Dana Sicko. Here are quick takes on'em.
B'More Skyr Smoothies Offers Dollop of Protein, No Added Sugar; Rolls Out in Kroger, Harris Teeter After what he calls a "health and diet conversion" in late 1990s, founder/ceo Andrew Buerger quit his career running Baltimore Jewish Times 3 years ago to develop convenient form of protein he'd created without added sugar or artificial ingredients based on strained Icelandic yogurt called skyr. He'd encountered ingredient on outing to that country to raise funds for sister Jodi's breast cancer research org, Jodi's Climb for Hope, which brand now supports, and been surprised to find that even those who're lactose-intolerant have no problem with skyr. Finding the yogurt already was being exported to Whole Foods, Buerger and wife Jennifer figured a smoothie might offer them a market opening. The Univ of Vt grad called dairy program there for assistance and found a copacker in Lancaster, Penn, to produce B'More Organic Skyr Smoothie from organic milk from grass-fed cows in that area. (Another site in NY also is producing now.) Line goes for $3.99 per 16-oz PET bottle at retail. Flavors like Vanilla, its biggest seller, and Caffe Latte offer 40 g of protein, an amount that resonates with CrossFit crowd. Fruit flavors like Mango Banana and newly released Strawberry offer 32 g. (The latte also offers 160 mg of caffeine.) Co stays away from styling itself as "yogurt" to keep its distance from relentlessly promotional nature of that segment.
To get going on sales side, he recruited his friend and longtime Honickman exec Greg Stott, who sold first case while moonlighting from Pepsi job but left to go full-time this year. (He can see Pepsi operation every day entering and leaving B'More's offices.) By now brand is in 1K Kroger stores nationwide and 240 Harris Teeters, both of them direct accounts, as well as Lowes Foods and majority of Wegmans stores. So far, it's only cracked Whole Foods' Mid-Atlantic div. It's also in FreshDirect home delivery service. Brand uses Charm City as local DSD partner (profile below), and moves nationally via broadliners UNFI and Haddon House. Info at BMoreOrganic.com
Mobtown Fermentation Ready to Hit Gas with Wild Kombucha Three childhood friends dating back to their preteen years have teamed up to offer a local kombucha under Wild Kombucha brand. Main culprit was Adam Bufano, guitarist in a popular local "Doom" blues band called Black Lung, who enlisted Sergio Malarin and Sidharth "Sid" Sharma, both of whom have recently quit their day jobs to see how far they can take Wild. Operating as Mobtown Fermentation, trio pooled resources to produce first bottle in Feb, using small distilling unit and hand bottler located at kitchen operated by Jukai Juice. Already, they're eyeing out-of-state markets and planning move to expanded location, possibly in adjacent Remington nabe. They recently upgraded from 8-gal distiller to 80-gal unit and have added multiple fridges and kegerator unit. Eying potential accounts like Wegmans and Chipotle, trio is also experimenting also with citric acid to see whether they can extend the shelf life beyond current 3 weeks.
So far they're pushing Ginger-Grapefruit and Mango-Peach flavors, with Elderberry on the way, all intended to be "light, crisp, not super-aggressive" so as to entice non-kombucha drinkers, said Sergio. Team experimented for 2 months with elderberry variations at farmers markets and events to make sure they nailed flavor. Lately they've also started age experiments with oak barrel. A 12-oz longneck bottle runs $3-4.25, 6-packs for $15. They'll be ready with kegs in coming weeks, too. They expect be in local Whole Foods stores in a month or so, and will enter regional Mom's Organic Market chain when that retailer opens at Hampden's Rotunda Mall. In past coupla weeks they signed on with DSD shop Charm City Beverages to buttress their self-distribution activities. Info at MobtownFermentation.com.
Tho a Production Site, Union Craft Brewers Plays to Local Sentiment With core offering Duckpin Pale Ale by now a familiar local fixture, Union Craft Brewing celebrated its 3d anniversary at end of Jul. Brewery was launched with view to filling city's need for a production brewery, something it hadn't had within city limits for decades, but at same time to be highly community-oriented, cofounder Jon Zerivitz told BBI. Thus Union name is both a reference to brewery's Union Ave site but also signals unity with community, he said. Co's retro-styled cans made it early player in that format, tho by now most other regional brewers are also using cans. It maintains 4 core styles year-round under the names Duckpin Pale Ale, Blackwing Lager, Anthem Golden Ale and altbier styled, simply, Balt. It plays to community sentiment with beers like Hampden on Rye pale ale and now has embarked on seasonals program. It's also extended core beer to double IPA called Double Duckpin.
It operates 20-bbl system but, as noted earlier, is likely to outgrow it in another 2 years, prompting imminent search for larger site that may force it to leave Hampden area, to dismay of founders. So far Union is serving Md and DC via Legends Ltd house, but next month it will enter northern Va via Virginia Eagle.
Gundalow HPP Juices Take Approachable Tack Launched by nutritionist Dana Sicko, Gundalow claims to be first HPP juice maker in Maryland to go out to wholesale. Tho it counts some cleanses in mix, main focus is juices that can be incorporated into daily routine, drawing upon Sicko's training in nutritional science. (She operates consultancy called Nutreatious Personal Chef Services.) Watermelon Waves contains 4 g of protein, for instance. Brand based in Morrell Park area launched 14 months ago, initially seeding receptive corporate accounts like Under Armour before moving on to high-end grocers like Graul's Market and Eddie's Market. Brand also has developed following in local fitness community, worked by array of brand ambassadors, Dana said. Tho co initially had to go to Philadelphia and NJ for HPP tolling services, as segment has burgeoned, Sicko has found processors closer to Baltimore. As with Wild Kombucha folks, overriding priority is to offer highly approachable flavors - "juices my father would drink," as Sicko put it. Brand name draws upon Sicko's time at Univ of NH, referring to ships in New England that used to ferry provisions from anchored ships into town, her metaphor for how her juices deliver nutrition from fruits and veggies to your body. (If it's regionally incongruous moniker, well - Dogfish Head Brewing in nearby Delaware is reference to childhood summer home in Maine of its founder.) Brand is not yet certified organic, tho that's a goal. It was named best bottled juice by City Paper just as foodies were arriving in Baltimore for Expo East show. Info at GundalowJuice.com.
Charm City Beverage Eyes Role as Go-To House for New Natural Brands As high-end drinks burgeon in Baltimore, Charm City Beverage is stepping up to task of getting them to retail. Founded 3 years ago by beer and spirits vet Brian Ahern, co carries range of natural brands and puts particular focus on promising retail channels like coffee shops, delis and fast-casual dining outlets that are looking to differentiate themselves, said staffer Tom Leopold. It services accounts in Md, DC and northern Va out of Baltimore warehouse, operating fleet of 4 trucks, 2 of them refrigerated. All sales are pre-sell, with deliveries the next day, he said. Diverse roster of brands, in addition to those discussed above, includes Boxed Water, CoAqua Coconut Water, Spindrift Seltzers, Maine Root sodas, Waiakea, Voss, Hildon and Antipodes bottled waters and Ceremony Epicurean cold-brewed coffee (from nearby Annapolis). Info at CharmCityBeverage.com.
Austin-based cold-brew player Chameleon Coffee has pulled in round of $4 mil from Boulder Food Group, deal that reps first bev play by private-equity shop and one of its larger deals to date. Aside from confirming its minority investment, Chameleon ceo Chris Campbell didn't offer any further details nor state whether BFG principals are taking any board seats. He said investment culminates process that revved up at Natural Products Expo West last Mar and was concluded without banking assistance. Giannuzzi Group advised on legal issues.
BFG - which is not to be confused with publicly traded Boulder Brands, which has had high profile in bevs via investments in likes of Temple Turmeric and Suja Juice - was founded by Tom Spier, who earlier cofounded Evol Foods (sold to Boulder Brands) and served as coo of Bear Naked (sold to Kellogg). Its stated focus is organic or non-GMO brands, at $1 mil or more in sales, niche that is relatively ignored by larger PE funds. Its current investments include such food plays as Good Day Chocolate and Barnana. Among its principals are Dayton Miller, former Disney exec who was one of trio of youthful cofounders of LA-based Function Drinks, which had highly visible run for a few years back before being acquired by Sunsweet Growers and retreating to narrower regional and retail footprint. Also in mix is Arlon Group's Alex Bernstein, Bay Area investor who's served on boards of cos like Kettle Cuisine and Door to Door Organics.
Chameleon, recall, is one of trio of cold-brewed coffee plays emanating from Austin, starting with refrigerated concentrate line and then extending into chilled RTD entries. By now brand is national at Whole Foods and all told counts several thousand retail doors, mainly in conventional grocery. Brand hasn't yet made forays into club, convenience or drug channels. With staff exceeding 20 now, it recently relocated to larger digs in Austin, which is home also to shelf-stable concentrate and RTD brand Kohana and shelf-stable RTD line High Brew.
SodaStream Int'l appears to have concluded lengthy search for new US chief by hiring former Coca-Cola and Cott exec John Sheppard. Move, which hasn't been announced yet but was confirmed today by John, puts into place seasoned US bev hand at reorganizing Israeli co which has undertaken sweeping rebranding, abandoning former identity as home soda maker in favor of identification with more healthily perceived sparkling water segment. John, whose formal title will be prexy of SodaStream USA, brings to challenge a diverse background that includes extensive run within Coke system that included Coke hq job, biz development role at Coca-Cola Enterprises and lengthy high-level appointments within Coke's African and European operations. Following KO career, he spent 5 years as ceo of private-label power Cott and since then has had stints at variety of cos, including Icelandic Glacial bottled water, Emigrant Bank's private-equity arm, buyout firm Advent Int'l and Oneida/Anchor Hocking industrial concerns. Reached by email in flight today, John declined to offer more than simple confirmation that he'd accepted role, adding that he's looking forward to challenge.
With new Whole Foods store opening across the street last month in Uptown nabe, Dallas Biz Jnl strolled aisles and was surprised to see how many local and regional items adorned shelves, 650 all told from 125 local suppliers, retailer's "forager" for SW region, Lyndia Berrios, told paper. Per slide show at paper's Web site, roster includes such bev players as Vim +Vigor HPP juices, Noble Coyote Cold Brew Coffee and Holy Kombucha, along with nonbev items like Wackym's Kitchen Peanut Butter Crunch, Soap Girl soaps and Paleo cake mixes. Prior to opening, Berrios told paper, co held orientation for interested N Tex suppliers, anticipating 40 or 50 but drawing crowd of 100+. Some offered exclusives to store, like Vim + Vigor's immune boost and watermelon/lime-flavored sku's. Juice line is produced in Dallas, then trucked to Coppell for HPP processing at outside toller. Whole Foods will feature some of these local items at store event this Sun called Local Love Day.
Coca-Cola was notified by IRS this past Fri that it has quite a bill coming after 5-yr investigation: a whopping $3.3 bil for unpaid taxes, reported AP. KO believes tax agency is looking into fees from licensing agreements with foreign affiliates to sell KO products overseas, and said it's been following same legal tax methodology to determine its taxable income in US for past 30 yrs. "The IRS now seeks to depart from this longstanding practice in order to increase substantially the amount of tax," complained KO. "We are among hundreds of other companies facing these types of adjustments involving payments." These matters usually get settled for fraction of demanded amount, noted Robert Willens, prexy of tax consultancy in NY. KO plans to use "all administrative and judicial remedies to resolve the matter." Like many large cos, Coke has large reserve for tax matters, one that's "adequate" in this case. But co also cautioned, "the ultimate outcome of disputes of this nature are uncertain, and if the IRS were to prevail on its assertions, the assessed tax and deficiency interest could have a material adverse impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows," reported Forbes.
You could call natural products expos, both east and west, Eric Schnell's home turf. Longtime natural products entrepreneur earlier cofounded Steaz teas, is married to key organic apparel figure, Marci Zaroff, and both have been influential over years in activities of Organic Trade Assn. So it's no surprise that Schnell, now operating as MetaBrand, usually tries to have handful of new initiatives ready for disclosure at Expo East, which concluded 3-day run in Baltimore on Sat.
And so he did. For starters, tho MetaBrand has made lotsa noise in recent years helping to incubate brands like Runa Guayusa and retailers' private-label entries, it's finally readying first bev brand of its own, teaming with Ghanaian reggae star Rocky Dawuni to leverage health benefits and African provenance of vitamin-rich moringa leaf. And after couple years deep in the weeds (or is it weed?) investigating segment, it's moving into cannabis space, with focus on therapeutic applications via merger with Calif co called Mana Labs, Eric told BBI. Meanwhile, MetaBrand continues to bring in new clients on incubation front, including HPP-produced coconut water brand called Sri Lanka Gold that has set itself ambitious task of vying with runaway leader Harmless Harvest. And it's helping intriguing elixir line called Rebbl and its new ceo with task of moving to scale. Not least, it's in process of planning for 2d equity fund, having deployed entire 1st fund at Runa Guayusa, tho no details are available yet on that.
Based in Edison, NJ, MetaBrand currently maintains staff of about 10, along with stable of 20 outside consultants. By now former coo Craig Fortin has taken control of financial oversight as prexy, freeing Eric as ceo to focus on strategy and creative tasks, with key assist from chief strategy officer Debbie Wildrick, former 7-Eleven exec and consultant. Among key incubation clients, it's major shareholder in Runa and is helping co with complete brand refresh for fall. MetaBrand has also been accelerating development of Tio Gazpacho drinkable soups, in which it's equity holder, and recently helped with brand's first institutional round to support national rollout from current base of 300 stores on East Coast. Other active clients include Sound Tea, rebranded from SodTerra (BBI, Sep 9), and Rebbl tonics. For all clients MetaBrand helps with product incubation issues, Wildrick stresses, but co is involved in range of other activities from mapping strategy (as with Tio Gazpacho) to fundraising (as with Rebbl). Here are details about some key initiatives:
MetaCan Pushes into Burgeoning Cannabis Segment Cannabis-oriented operation is being called MetaCan with focus on therapeutic, but not recreational, uses of weed, eschewing THC content. Vehicle has been merger with Mana Labs, 7-year-old co based in Sonoma, Calif, that's invested 14K hours in learning extraction methods and intellectual property related to cannabis, with library of 60 standardized and proprietary formulas in development. Merged entity will create retail brand likely called Hemp Fusion for non-therapeutic uses by early 2016, and also sell or lease extraction equipment priced at $200-400K in areas where cannabis is legal, with first machine installed in Jamaica 2 weeks ago. Mana Labs founder Ian de Quieroz is serving as co-ceo with Schnell. Among projects under way is shot line that may get Cannadote as brand name.
Teaming with African Reggae Icon Dawuni on Moringa-Based Bev Line MetaBrand team is racing to complete development of still-to-be-named moringa-based lines of bevs and supplements in time for unveiling at Natural Products Expo West next Mar. Moringa, also known as drumstick tree, is vitamin-rich plant that originated in South Asia but is being sourced by MetaBrand from farmers co-op in Ghana. It's partnered with Dawuni, LA-based reggae singer whose CDs are brisk sellers at Starbucks stores and who's played at parties of Whole Foods' Whole Planet Foundation. Eric said line will act as sister brand to African personal care brand Alaffia, which he said is now $50 mil line at Whole Foods. Brand will launch at Whole Foods and online via Thrive Market healthy-food site.
Sri Lanka Gold Offers HPP Version of 'Champagne of Coconut Waters' Among MetaBrand clients getting heavy focus is HPP coconut water brand called Sri Lanka Gold that aims to play in high-end space dominated by Harmless Harvest. Brand uses King coconuts that are unique to Sri Lanka, red dwarf variety that makes claim to being "champagne of coconut waters" and is distinguishable by orange/gold hue of skin. Line is being offered in 16-oz bottle emblazoned with image of gold-colored coconut at $3.59, offering better value than higher-priced, smaller-bottle Harmless Harvest. Brand was launched by wife/husband team of int'l development economists, Sheri and Nihal (Nick) Pitigala, who're based in Fairfax, Va. Info at SriLankaGoldCoconut.com.
Rebbl Now Nationally Available, Seeking First Institutional Money Launched in Bay Area by former Bossa Nova Acai and Zico Coconut Water exec Palo Hawken, Rebbl is line of elixirs and tonics whose name is acronym for "roots, extracts, berries, bark and leaves." Hawken's informal credo is that world's healthiest herbs don't need to taste bad. Elixirs currently comprise Maca Mocha, Reishi Chocolate and Ashwaganda Chai, all packed in 12-oz slim plastic bottles, while tonics comprise Hibiscus Mint, Ginger Citrus and Forest Berry, packed in 16-oz tall glass bottles. The Reishi Chocolate, for instance, is positioned on-pack as "drinkable dark chocolate with a super herb upgrade," sweetened with coconut sugar and stevia. They generally run $4.29 at retail ($3.99 at Whole Foods).
After slow build trialing brand in core market in recent years, Hawken has been hitting gas lately, enlisting former Clif Bar ceo and Plum Organics founder Sheryl O'Loughlin as ceo, freeing Santa Fe, NM-based Hawken to focus on innovation. A few weeks ago line became nationally available via broadliners like UNFI and KeHe, he told BBI, and after funding co so far via friends and family, co has begun hunt for first institutional round. Info at RebblTonic.com.
Surging La Croix sparkling-water brand mustered expansive 20X20 booth at Expo East, riding surge of interest that's seen item leapfrog such unsweetened sparkling water mainstays as Pellegrino and Perrier into #1 spot in 52-week Nielsen syndicated data. Brand lately has been making inroads in last untapped geographic region, Northeast, moving from Whole Foods and Target chains to indie natural-channel accounts and, by one account, in-and-out test in BJ's club stores. After aborted effort to crack drug channel several years ago, brand has debuted 6-unit "fitness packs" at Rite Aid chain, priced at $3.49. Add it all up and that means, as growth story, National Beverage-owned brand is quietly beginning to rival Talking Rain's Sparkling Ice, which plays on sweetened sparkling water side. Unlike Ice, which is committed to DSD channel, La Croix goes direct, swapping potential for deeper market coverage for lower price point that often sees 12-oz can multipacks at 50 cents or less per can.
In recent months La Croix has been seen brandished by range of celebs and has drawn coverage from likes of Bloomberg, Chicago Tribune, Washington Post and Gizmodo, whose techie readers are incorporating brand into their cocktail regimens. It's been stewarded by evp sales/marketing Vanessa Walker, who was present at booth but politely declined to comment on progress, in keeping with co's low-key approach with non-financial media.
Not visible at booth was Shasta Sparkling Water in flavors like Draft Root Beer, featured in co's annual report this spring as due for imminent launch as co leverages one of its old-line CSD brands to further broaden its sparkling-water portfolio. But co did debut 3 new flavors for its 12-oz slim-can CuraTe ("cure yourself") line, which romances branding and offers stronger taste profiles than La Croix. New in mix are 3 flavors: Blackberry Cucumber, Kiwi Watermelon and Melon Grapefruit. Booth staffers said National founder/ceo Nick Caporella, tho 80 now, as always played instrumental role in developing new flavors and packs.
We don't have any details to offer, but grapevine at Expo East on opening day yesterday was humming with word that regulator Alcohol Tax & Trade Bureau (TTB) has sent out flurry of letters to kombucha cos over compliance with alcohol-content regs. Move comes as industry has been awash again with allegations that some players are out of compliance with 0.5% ABV limit on kombucha branded as non-alcoholic and/or understating their sugar content and calorie counts. "More discovery than anything else," is how Health-Ade Kombucha cofounder Vanessa Dew characterized letter co had received, tho she demurred for now on offering more detail. TTB's move comes as industry has been embroiled in vigorous debate over proper testing protocols. Just on Wed, trade group Kombucha Brewers International said it had joined GT's, Health-Ade, High Country, Humm and Live Kombucha Soda in developing "new internationally approved testing method that can accurately, consistently and repeatably measure the trace amounts of ethanol present in kombucha," which will be presented on Sep 27 at annual meeting of Assn of Organic Analytical Chemists (AOAC) in LA. KBI said it recruited TTB to join process, with Cathy Halverson, chief of TTB's Beverage Alcohol Laboratory, taking seat on stakeholder panel. KBI says process may run 1 or 2 years. As reported, some kombucha execs argue that findings that their brands are out of compliance reflect use of inappropriate testing protocols and methodology rather than any lapses in production and distribution of their products.

